MassachusettsHISTORY EXPLORERS GRADES 3–8
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evidence
Information from a source that helps us test a claim.
source
A document, object, image, or account we can examine.
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An explanation based on clues; it still needs checking.
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Moving from one place to another to live.
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Evidence created by someone who experienced a time or event.

Early coasts. Changing pictures.

Explorers’ maps of New England and Virginia

Compare coastlines, place names, and what mapmakers chose to include. Every preview shows the map described in its caption.

Maps have dates and points of view

Some maps were made near the time of a voyage; others are later reconstructions or facsimiles. Captions identify the version shown. European maps do not mark the beginning of Native geography or knowledge.

9 maps

Published in 1706, more than a century after Gosnold’s 1602 voyage.University of Virginia Special Collections, F7 .G67 1706, via Encyclopedia VirginiaImage & source record ↗
1706

Gosnold’s 1602 expedition, mapped in 1706

This Dutch map retells an earlier voyage. It is evidence of how the voyage was presented in 1706, not a map made aboard Gosnold’s ship. The meeting scene is an artist’s later depiction.

A mapmaker’s question

How does knowing the map’s publication date change what it can tell us?

Open the map record ↗
Champlain’s map of Patuxet, based on his 1605 visit and printed in 1613.Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division; image via Plimoth Patuxet Museums.Image & source record ↗
1605 observations; published 1613

Port St. Louis: Patuxet and Plymouth harbor

Houses and gardens show that this coast was already home to Wampanoag people. Water-depth numbers and sandbanks record features useful to visiting sailors. The map presents Champlain’s view of the place.

A mapmaker’s question

Which details show a community living here before Plymouth Colony?

Open the map record ↗
Champlain drew this manuscript chart in 1607.Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; Harrisse Collection.Image & source record ↗
1607

Coasts, harbors, and islands of New France

This chart follows coastlines and harbors that mattered to sailors. Symbols mark settlements, trees, anchorages, and dangerous shallows. It combines Champlain’s observations with knowledge he gathered from Indigenous people.

A mapmaker’s question

Why might a sailor need more detail along the coast than far inland?

Open the map record ↗
Champlain’s 1612 map, published with his voyages in 1613.Samuel de Champlain; John Carter Brown Library scan, via Wikimedia Commons.Image & source record ↗
1612; published in Voyages, 1613

Geographical map of New France

The map links the Atlantic coast to the St. Lawrence and inland waters. Its border illustrations also reveal what European readers were being shown about people and plants. Such pictures reflect a European maker’s choices.

A mapmaker’s question

What does the map emphasize besides the shapes of land and water?

Open the map record ↗
An actual 1632 map from the Leventhal digital collection.Leventhal Map & Education Center at the Boston Public Library, Mapping Boston Collection; original listed as Private Collection.Image & source record ↗
1632

New France: Champlain’s later map

Compared with Champlain’s earlier maps, this map brings together a larger area of lakes and waterways. It also records European territorial ideas and many Indigenous communities. More information did not remove every geographic error.

A mapmaker’s question

What changed between this map and Champlain’s 1612 map?

Open the map record ↗
A 1932 facsimile of a 1529 map—not the original sheet.Harvard Forest; facsimile from Paullin’s 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, credited to Washington Secretary of State.Image & source record ↗
1529 original; 1932 facsimile

Verrazzano’s 1529 map: later facsimile detail

This copy preserves an early European attempt to map the Atlantic coast after Verrazzano’s voyage. Its long, unusual coastline is useful for comparing changing geographic knowledge. It should be labeled as a later facsimile.

A mapmaker’s question

Which parts of the coastline look different from a modern map?

Open the map record ↗
Gastaldi’s 1556 view of northeastern North America.Harvard Forest; historical description credits Stony Brook University Library.Image & source record ↗
1556

La Nuova Francia

This printed map predates Gosnold’s voyage. It brings together European reports, but its water routes and coastline do not match a modern map. Drawings of boats and land make it both a geographic image and a story about the region.

A mapmaker’s question

Where does the map show certainty, and where might the maker have been guessing?

Open the map record ↗
The Library of Congress dates this map reproduction’s source to 1612.Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-73508; illustration in F229.S69.Image & source record ↗
1612 (Library of Congress catalog date)

Virginia: John Smith’s Chesapeake map

Smith’s map centers rivers and the communities beside them. Its compass shows that north is to the right. The maker relied on his journeys and information from Indigenous people, including places he had not visited.

A mapmaker’s question

Find the compass. How does the map change when you locate north?

Open the map record ↗
New England : the most remarqueable parts thus named by the high and mighty Prince Charles, prince of great Britaine — [1624]Boston Public Library / Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center; Smith, John, 1580-1631Image & source record ↗
1624

John Smith’s New England — 1624 impression

Compare this 1624 edition of John Smith’s map with a map today.

A mapmaker’s question

Which English place names were added to the coast?

Open the map record ↗

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